A walkthrough of some of the basic features of git-annex, using the command line. If you don't want to use the command line, see quickstart instead.

What follows is only one possible workflow for using git-annex, but following along will teach you the basic concepts from the ground up.

creating a repository

This is very straightforward.

$ mkdir ~/annex
$ cd ~/annex
$ git init
$ git annex init

adding files

$ cd ~/annex
$ cp /tmp/big_file .
$ cp /tmp/debian.iso .
$ git annex add .
add big_file (checksum...) ok
add debian.iso (checksum...) ok
$ git commit -a -m added

When you add a file to the annex and commit it, only a symlink to the content is committed to git. The content itself is stored in .git/annex/objects/

adding a remote

Like any other git repository, git-annex repositories have remotes. Let's start by adding a USB drive as a remote.

$ sudo mount /media/usb
$ cd /media/usb
$ git clone ~/annex
$ cd annex
$ git annex init "portable USB drive"
$ git remote add laptop ~/annex
$ cd ~/annex
$ git remote add usbdrive /media/usb/annex

This is all standard ad-hoc distributed git repository setup.

The only git-annex specific part is telling it a description of the new repository created on the USB drive. This is optional, but giving the repository a description helps when git-annex talks about it later.

Notice that both repos are set up as remotes of one another. This lets either get annexed files from the other. You'll often want to do that even when you are using git in a more centralized fashion.

renaming files

$ cd ~/annex
$ git mv big_file my_cool_big_file
$ mkdir iso
$ git mv debian.iso iso/
$ git commit -m moved

You can use any normal git operations to move files around, or even make copies or delete them.

Notice that, since annexed files are represented by symlinks, the symlink will break when the file is moved into a subdirectory. But, git-annex will fix this up for you when you commit -- it has a pre-commit hook that watches for and corrects broken symlinks.

getting file content

A repository does not always have all annexed file contents available. When you need the content of a file, you can use "git annex get" to make it available.

We can use this to copy everything in the laptop's annex to the USB drive.

$ cd /media/usb/annex
$ git annex sync laptop
$ git annex get .
get my_cool_big_file (from laptop...) ok
get iso/debian.iso (from laptop...) ok

syncing

Notice that in the previous example, git annex sync was used. This lets git-annex know what has changed in the other repositories like the laptop, and so it knows about the files present there and can get them.

Let's look at what the sync command does in more detail:

$ cd /media/usb/annex
$ git annex sync
commit
nothing to commit (working directory clean)
ok
pull laptop
ok
push laptop
ok

After you run sync, the git repository will be updated with all changes made to its remotes, and any changes in the git repository will be pushed out to its remotes, where a sync will get them. This is especially useful when using git in a distributed fashion, without a central bare repository. See sync for details.

By default git annex sync only syncs the metadata about your files that is stored in git. It does not sync the contents of annexed files, that are managed by git-annex. To do that, you can use git annex sync --content

There are also commands git-annex pull and git-annex push that are like git-annex sync, but only transfer in one direction, do not commit, and operate on the content of annexed files by default.

transferring files: When things go wrong

After a while, you'll have several annexes, with different file contents. You don't have to try to keep all that straight; git-annex does location tracking for you. If you ask it to get a file and the drive or file server is not accessible, it will let you know what it needs to get it:

$ git annex get video/hackity_hack_and_kaxxt.mov
get video/hackity_hack_and_kaxxt.mov (not available)
  Unable to access these remotes: usbdrive, server
  Try making some of these repositories available:
    5863d8c0-d9a9-11df-adb2-af51e6559a49  -- my home file server
    58d84e8a-d9ae-11df-a1aa-ab9aa8c00826  -- portable USB drive
    ca20064c-dbb5-11df-b2fe-002170d25c55  -- backup SATA drive
failed
$ sudo mount /media/usb
$ git annex get video/hackity_hack_and_kaxxt.mov
get video/hackity_hack_and_kaxxt.mov (from usbdrive...) ok

removing files

When you're using git-annex you can git rm a file just like you usually would with git. Just like with git, this removes the file from your work tree, but it does not remove the file's content from the git repository. If you check the file back out, or revert the removal, you can get it back.

Git-annex adds the ability to remove the content of a file from your local repository to save space. This is called "dropping" the file.

You can always drop files safely. Git-annex checks that some other repository still has the file before removing it.

$ git annex drop iso/debian.iso
drop iso/Debian_5.0.iso ok

Once dropped, the file will still appear in your work tree as a broken symlink. You can use git annex get to as usual to get this file back to your local repository.

removing files: When things go wrong

Before dropping a file, git-annex wants to be able to look at other remotes, and verify that they still have a file. After all, it could have been dropped from them too. If the remotes are not mounted/available, you'll see something like this.

$ git annex drop important_file other.iso
drop important_file (unsafe)
  Could only verify the existence of 0 out of 1 necessary copies
  Unable to access these remotes: usbdrive
  Try making some of these repositories available:
    58d84e8a-d9ae-11df-a1aa-ab9aa8c00826  -- portable USB drive
    ca20064c-dbb5-11df-b2fe-002170d25c55  -- backup SATA drive
  (Use --force to override this check, or adjust numcopies.)
failed
drop other.iso (unsafe)
  Could only verify the existence of 0 out of 1 necessary copies
      No other repository is known to contain the file.
  (Use --force to override this check, or adjust numcopies.)
failed

Here you might --force it to drop important_file if you trust your backup. But other.iso looks to have never been copied to anywhere else, so if it's something you want to hold onto, you'd need to transfer it to some other repository before dropping it.

modifying annexed files

Normally, the content of files in the annex is prevented from being modified.

That's a good thing, because it might be the only copy, you wouldn't want to lose it in a fumblefingered mistake.

$ echo oops > my_cool_big_file
bash: my_cool_big_file: Permission denied

In order to modify a file, it should first be unlocked.

$ git annex unlock my_cool_big_file
unlock my_cool_big_file (copying...) ok

That replaces the symlink that normally points at its content with a copy of the content. You can then modify the file like any regular file. Because it is a regular file.

(If you decide you don't need to modify the file after all, or want to discard modifications, just use git annex lock.)

When you commit an unlocked file, all that gets committed to git is a pointer to the content. The content of the file is stored by git-annex.

$ echo "now smaller, but even cooler" > my_cool_big_file
$ git commit my_cool_big_file -m "changed an annexed file"
add my_cool_big_file ok
[master 64cda67] changed an annexed file
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)

For more details on working with unlocked files vs the regular locked files, see unlocked files.

using ssh remotes

So far in this walkthrough, git-annex has been used with a remote repository on a USB drive. But it can also be used with a git remote that is truly remote, a host accessed by ssh.

Say you have a desktop on the same network as your laptop and want to clone the laptop's annex to it:

desktop$ git clone ssh://mylaptop/home/me/annex ~/annex
desktop$ cd ~/annex
desktop$ git annex init "my desktop"

Now you can get files and they will be transferred (using rsync via ssh):

desktop$ git annex get my_cool_big_file
get my_cool_big_file (getting UUID for origin...) (from origin...)
SHA256-s86050597--6ae2688bc533437766a48aa19f2c06be14d1bab9c70b468af445d4f07b65f41e  100% 2159     2.1KB/s   00:00
ok

When you drop files, git-annex will ssh over to the remote and make sure the file's content is still there before removing it locally:

desktop$ git annex drop my_cool_big_file
drop my_cool_big_file (checking origin..) ok

Note that normally git-annex prefers to use non-ssh remotes, like a USB drive, before ssh remotes. They are assumed to be faster/cheaper to access, if available. There is a annex-cost setting you can configure in .git/config to adjust which repositories it prefers. See the man page for details.

Also, note that you need full shell access for this to work -- git-annex needs to be able to ssh in and run commands. Or at least, your shell needs to be able to run the git-annex-shell command.

For details on setting up ssh remotes, see the centralized git repository tutorial.

using special remotes

We've seen above that git-annex can be used to store files in regular git remotes, accessed either via ssh, or on a removable drive. But git-annex can also store files in Amazon S3, Glacier, on a rsync server, in WebDAV, or even pull files down from the web and bittorrent. This and much more is made possible by special remotes.

These are not normal git repositories; indeed the git repository is not stored on a special remote. But git-annex can store the contents of files in special remotes, and operate on them much as it would on any other remote. Bonus: Files stored on special remotes can easily be encrypted!

All you need to get started using a special remote is to initialize it. This is done using the git annex initremote command, which needs to be passed different parameters depending on the type of special remote.

Some special remotes also need things like passwords to be set in environment variables. Don't worry -- it will prompt if you leave anything off. So feel free to make any kind of special remote instead of the S3 remote used in this example.

$ export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID="somethingotherthanthis"
$ export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY="s3kr1t"
$ git annex initremote mys3 type=S3 chunk=1MiB encryption=shared
initremote mys3 (shared encryption) (checking bucket) (creating bucket in US) ok

Now you can store files on the newly initialized special remote.

$ git annex copy my_cool_big_file --to mys3
copy my_cool_big_file (to mys3...) ok

Once you've initialized a special remote in one repository, you can enable use of the same special remote in other clones of the repository. If the mys3 remote above was initialized on your laptop, you'll also want to enable it on your desktop.

To do so, first get git-annex in sync (so it knows about the special remote that was added in the other repository), and then use git annex enableremote.

desktop$ git annex sync
desktop$ export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID="somethingotherthanthis"
desktop$ export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY="s3kr1t"
desktop$ git annex enableremote mys3
enableremote mys3 (checking bucket) ok

And now you can download files from the special remote:

desktop$ git annex get my_cool_big_file --from mys3
get my_cool_big_file (from mys3...) ok

This has only scratched the surface of what can be done with special remotes.

moving file content between repositories

Often you will want to move some file contents from a repository to some other one. For example, your laptop's disk is getting full; time to move some files to an external disk before moving another file from a file server to your laptop. Doing that by hand (by using git annex get and git annex drop) is possible, but a bit of a pain. git annex move makes it very easy.

$ git annex move my_cool_big_file --to usbdrive
move my_cool_big_file (to usbdrive...) ok
$ git annex move video/hackity_hack_and_kaxxt.mov --from fileserver
move video/hackity_hack_and_kaxxt.mov (from fileserver...)
SHA256-s86050597--6ae2688bc533437766a48aa19f2c06be14d1bab9c70b468af445d4f07b65f41e   100%   82MB 199.1KB/s   07:02
ok

quiet please: When git-annex seems to skip files

One behavior of git-annex is sometimes confusing at first, but it turns out to be useful once you get to know it.

$ git annex drop *
$ 

Why didn't git-annex seem to do anything despite being asked to drop all the files? Because it checked them all, and none of them are present.

Most git-annex commands will behave this way when they're able to quickly check that nothing needs to be done about a file.

Running a git-annex command without specifying any file name will make git-annex look for files in the current directory and its subdirectories. So, we can add all new files to the annex easily:

$ echo hi > subdir/subsubdir/newfile
$ git annex add
add subdir/subsubdir/newfile ok

When doing this kind of thing, having nothing shown for files that it doesn't need to act on is useful because it prevents swamping you with output. You only see the files it finds it does need to act on.

So remember: If git-annex seems to not do anything when you tell it to, it's not being lazy -- It's checked that nothing needs to be done to get to the state you asked for!

using tags and branches

Like git, git-annex hangs on to every old version of a file (by default), so you can make tags and branches, and can check them out later to look at the old files.

$ git tag 1.0
$ rm -f my_cool_big_file
$ git commit -m deleted
$ git checkout 1.0
$ cat my_cool_big_file
yay! old version still here

Of course, when you git checkout an old branch, some old versions of files may not be locally available, and may be stored in some other repository. You can use git annex get to get them as usual.

unused data

It's possible for data to accumulate in the annex that no files in any branch point to anymore. One way it can happen is if you git rm a file without first calling git annex drop. And, when you modify an annexed file, the old content of the file remains in the annex. Another way is when migrating between key-value backends.

This might be historical data you want to preserve, so git-annex defaults to preserving it. So from time to time, you may want to check for such data:

$ git annex unused
unused . (checking for unused data...) 
  Some annexed data is no longer used by any files in the repository.
    NUMBER  KEY
    1       SHA256-s86050597--6ae2688bc533437766a48aa19f2c06be14d1bab9c70b468af445d4f07b65f41e
    2       SHA1-s14--f1358ec1873d57350e3dc62054dc232bc93c2bd1
  (To see where data was previously used, try: git log --stat -S'KEY')
  (To remove unwanted data: git-annex dropunused NUMBER)
ok

After running git annex unused, you can follow the instructions to examine the history of files that used the data, and if you decide you don't need that data anymore, you can easily remove it from your local repository.

$ git annex dropunused 1
dropunused 1 ok

Hint: To drop a lot of unused data, use a command like this:

$ git annex dropunused 1-1000

Rather than removing the data, you can instead send it to other repositories:

$ git annex copy --unused --to backup
$ git annex move --unused --to archive

fsck: verifying your data

You can use the fsck subcommand to check for problems in your data. What can be checked depends on the key-value backend you've used for the data. For example, when you use the SHA1 backend, fsck will verify that the checksums of your files are good. Fsck also checks that the numcopies setting is satisfied for all files.

$ git annex fsck
fsck some_file (checksum...) ok
fsck my_cool_big_file (checksum...) ok
...

You can also specify the files to check. This is particularly useful if you're using sha1 and don't want to spend a long time checksumming everything.

$ git annex fsck my_cool_big_file
fsck my_cool_big_file (checksum...) ok

If you have a large repo, you may want to check it in smaller steps. You may start and continue an aborted or time-limited check.

$ git annex fsck -S <optional-directory> --time-limit=1m
fsck some_file (checksum...) ok
fsck my_cool_big_file (checksum...) ok

  Time limit (1m) reached!

$ git annex fsck -m <optional-directory>
fsck my_other_big_file (checksum...) ok
...

Use -S or --incremental to start the incremental check. Use -m or --more to continue the started check and continue where it left off. Note that saving the progress of fsck is performed after every 1000 files or 5 minutes or when --time-limit occours. There may be files that will be checked again when git-annex exists abnormally eg. Ctrl+C and the check is restarted.

fsck: when things go wrong

Fsck never deletes possibly bad data; instead it will be moved to .git/annex/bad/ for you to recover. Here is a sample of what fsck might say about a badly messed up annex:

$ git annex fsck
fsck my_cool_big_file (checksum...)
git-annex: Bad file content; moved to .git/annex/bad/SHA1:7da006579dd64330eb2456001fd01948430572f2
git-annex: ** No known copies exist of my_cool_big_file
failed
fsck important_file
git-annex: Only 1 of 2 copies exist. Run git annex get somewhere else to back it up.
failed
git-annex: 2 failed

backups

git-annex can be configured to require that more than one copy of a file exists, as a simple backup for your data. This is controlled by the numcopies setting, which defaults to 1 copy. Let's change that to require 2 copies, and send a copy of every file to a USB drive.

$ git annex numcopies 2
$ git annex copy . --to usbdrive

Now when we try to git annex drop a file, it will verify that it knows of 2 other repositories that have a copy before removing its content from the current repository.

The numcopies setting used above is the global default. You can also vary the number of copies needed, depending on the file name. So, if you want 3 copies of all your flac files, but only 1 copy of oggs:

$ echo "*.ogg annex.numcopies=1" >> .gitattributes
$ echo "*.flac annex.numcopies=3" >> .gitattributes

Or, you might want to make a directory for important stuff, and configure it so anything put in there is backed up more thoroughly:

$ mkdir important_stuff
$ echo "* annex.numcopies=3" > important_stuff/.gitattributes

For more details about the numcopies setting, see copies.

automatically managing content

Once you have multiple repositories, and have perhaps configured numcopies, any given file can have many more copies than is needed, or perhaps fewer than you would like. How to manage this?

The whereis subcommand can be used to see how many copies of a file are known, but then you have to decide what to get or drop. In this example, there are perhaps not enough copies of the first file, and too many of the second file.

$ cd /media/usbdrive
$ git annex whereis
whereis my_cool_big_file (1 copy)
    0c443de8-e644-11df-acbf-f7cd7ca6210d  -- laptop
whereis other_file (3 copies)
    0c443de8-e644-11df-acbf-f7cd7ca6210d  -- laptop
    62b39bbe-4149-11e0-af01-bb89245a1e61  -- usb drive [here]
    7570b02e-15e9-11e0-adf0-9f3f94cb2eaa  -- backup drive

What would be handy is some automated versions of get and drop, that only gets a file if there are not yet enough copies of it, or only drops a file if there are too many copies. Well, these exist, just use the --auto option.

$ git annex get --auto --numcopies=2
get my_cool_big_file (from laptop...) ok
$ git annex drop --auto --numcopies=2
drop other_file ok

With two quick commands, git-annex was able to decide for you how to work toward having two copies of your files.

$ git annex whereis
whereis my_cool_big_file (2 copies)
    0c443de8-e644-11df-acbf-f7cd7ca6210d  -- laptop
    62b39bbe-4149-11e0-af01-bb89245a1e61  -- usb drive [here]
whereis other_file (2 copies)
    0c443de8-e644-11df-acbf-f7cd7ca6210d  -- laptop
    7570b02e-15e9-11e0-adf0-9f3f94cb2eaa  -- backup drive

The --auto option can also be used with the copy command, again this lets git-annex decide whether to actually copy content.

The above shows how to use --auto to manage content based on the number of copies. It's also possible to configure, on a per-repository basis, which content is desired. Then --auto also takes that into account see preferred content for details.

more

So ends the walkthrough. By now you should be able to use git-annex.

Want more? See tips for lots more features and advice.